Method for noise-robust color changes in digital images

ABSTRACT

A method for applying filters to digital images with minimal amplification of image noise, comprising filtering the digital image with an EPDR edge-preserving detail-reducing filter, determining a matrix from the filtered image as a result of one or more structure adaptive functions, and modifying the digital image using the filter, adjusted by the matrix values, to produce an enhanced digital image. The order of processing may be inverted, by first determining the matrix and then filtering the matrix with the edge-preserving detail-reducing filter.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present Application claims the benefit of U.S. NonProvisional patentapplication Ser. No. 12/146,769 filed Jun. 26, 2008, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/946,362 titled“Method for Noise-Robust Color Changes” filed Jun. 26, 2007, the contentof which is incorporated by reference in this disclosure in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several applications for image editing allow the user to associate anenhancement or an image filter, such as a color change, with a colorrange. These techniques can be found in such programs as Nik Software'sColor Efex Pro™ and Nikon's Capture NX2™. For instance, these productscontain tools allowing the user to darken all blue pixels in the image.Example tools are Channel Mixer, Select Color Range, or Hue/Saturationin Adobe® Photoshop®, Contrast Color Range in Nik Color Efex Pro™, orLCH Editor in Nikon Capture NX2™.

A common feature of these tools is that the strength of an effect isdetermined by the color of a pixel. The disadvantage of this approach isthat small local variations among pixel values, resulting from noise andcompression artifacts, can lead to larger variations in effect strength,because the small local variations are typically amplified during imageediting routines.

An example filter expression is g(x)=T[ƒ(x)], where ƒ(x) is a functionof x, g(x) is the filtered function, and T is the filter function. Thefunction ƒ(x) is considered a one-dimensional image because it dependson one variable. More commonly, image-editing functions filtertwo-dimensional images. An example two-dimensional image filterexpression isg(x,y)=T[ƒ(x,y)]where ƒ(x,y) is a two-dimensional original image to be filtered, g(x,y)is the filtered image, and T is the filter function. Here, filter inputsand outputs, such as ƒ or g, typically represent an image consisting ofa plurality of pixels. Any specific individual pixel may be referred toby specifying the underlying coordinates, as in ƒ(x₀,y₀) is the pixel atcoordinates (x₀,y₀) in the image ƒ.

An example filter g=T[ƒ] may perform a darkening operation. There aremany ways to express a brightness change filter based on a color in asimple form, but here, a general formulation convenient for explainingthe invention is used. The filtering operation may darken colors in acolor range near a user-selected color, c. As a result of filtering,pixels with colors similar to the color c receive a strong darkeningeffect, pixels with colors dissimilar to c do not receive a darkeningeffect, and a smooth transition between darkened areas and areas with nodarkening is desired.

A “color distance” is an inverse measure of color similarity between twopixels, with more similarly colored pixels having a smaller colordistance. More precisely, a color distance, D_(c), is a function thatassigns a non-negative value to the difference in the color of twopixels. Many such distance, or difference, functions are known in theart, and have the characteristics that for any three pixels p, q, and r:D _(c)(p,q)≧0 with D _(c)(p,q)=0 if and only if pixels p and q are thesame color,D _(c)(p,q)=D _(c)(q,p), andD _(c)(p,q)+D _(c)(p,r)≧D _(c)(p,r).

One suitable function measuring color distance between the color of apixel ƒ(x₀,y₀), denoted as “color[ƒ(x₀,y₀)]”, and the color c is:D _(c)=∥color[ƒ(x ₀ ,y ₀)]−c∥ ₂,  (1)where color[ƒ(x₀,y₀)] and c are color values in an appropriate colorreference system and ∥r∥₂ denotes the l² norm of r, as explained furtherbelow. Appropriate color reference systems include grey-scale and colorreference systems such as RGB, YCrCb, or Lab color systems, where acolor c is expressed as a three-coordinate vector of values. In an RGBsystem, for example, c is expressed as a three-coordinate vector,c=(c[r], c[g], c[b]), where c[r] is the red coordinate, c[g] is thegreen coordinate, and c[b] is the blue coordinate. If ƒ(x₀,y₀)=(ƒ[r],ƒ[g], ƒ[b]), for example, then a suitable norm isD _(c)[ƒ(x ₀ ,y ₀),c]={(c[r]−ƒ[r])²+(c[g]−ƒ[g])²+(c[b]−ƒ[b])²}^(0.5).The norm above is known in the art as an l² norm. Alternatively, colordistance may be expressed as an l¹ norm, given byD _(c)[ƒ(x ₀ ,y ₀),c]=∥color[ƒ(x ₀ ,y ₀)]−c∥ ₁=|c[r]−ƒ[r]|+|c[g]−ƒ[g]|+|c[b]−ƒ[b]|.

Let the function s[ƒ(x₀,y₀), c] denote a measure of similarity of colorof the pixel ƒ(x₀,y₀) and the color c, such ass[ƒ(x ₀ ,y ₀),c]=1/(1+D _(c)[ƒ(x ₀ ,y ₀),c]).  (2)In Equation 2, when s equals 1 there is a maximum similarity of color,and s equals zero represents a lower limit for color similarity.

A filtering effect based on similarity of color at any pixel (x,y) canbe written using a filtering functiong(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+Δhs[ƒ(x,y),c],  (3)with Δh representing a maximum change in pixel color value. The value Δhcan be a scalar value if monochromatic brightness changes are desired,or it can be a color triple if a color modifying filter is desired. Notethat, in typical reference color systems for digital images, darkercolors have lower pixel color values, and, because the example filterproduces a darkening effect, a scalar valued Δh is less than zero fordarkening.

When Δh=(Δh[r], Δh[g], Δh[b]) is an RGB color, the example darkeningfilter becomes an example color modifying filter, modifying colors inthe image. Even colorizing operations can be performed in the image,such as when Δh[r]>Δh[g]>Δh[b], for example, a filter warming up thearea will be performed. Other usages of Δh are discussed below. Forpurposes of the explanation that follows, the terms “warming filter,”“darkening filter,” and “brightness changing filter,” may be used asspecies of “color changing filters.”

Also note that, in a typical digital image, pixel color values arescaled between a value of zero and a maximum value, MAX, dependent onthe number of bits representing a pixel color. Typically, when colorsare represented by n-bit non-negative numbers, the maximum color value,MAX, is given by MAX=2^(n)−1. Note that a value lower than zero orhigher than MAX can occur in Equation 3 and needs to be compensated forin actual code, but can be trivially corrected by saturating the formulaat a lower value of zero and an upper value of MAX, as known to thoseskilled in the art.

An alternative change that a user may wish to perform at any pixel (x,y)is to increase or decrease the contrast in a certain area, usingg(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+Δks[ƒ(x,y),c][ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)]  (4)where Δk denotes the desired contrast change, and ƒ(x,y) denotes alowpass filtered version of the image ƒ(x,y). In Equation 4, a value ofΔk equal to zero causes no contrast change, and a positive (negative)value of Δk causes an increase (decrease) in contrast.

The filter used to produce ƒ(x,y) here is not limited to a Gaussianblur. The filter may be any filter that passes low-frequency componentsin the image while suppressing high-frequency components, a filter knownas a lowpass filter. The values from the term [ƒ−ƒ] on the right ofEquation 4 then represents a high-pass filtering of the structureinformation in the image, i.e., the image with low frequency componentssuppressed, and therefore Equation 4 can be interpreted as acolor-weighted increase of high-frequency structure information.

The color-changing and contrast-changing effects of Equation 3 andEquation 4 may be combined using the formulag(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+{Δh+Δk[ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)]}s[ƒ(x,y),c]  (5)The examples above relate to a filter that changes regions in an imagethat are represented by a single color. A simple version of apolarization filter, darkening and adding contrast to sky-blue areas, ora typical skin-brightening filter may be implemented using Equation 5.

However, there is an inherent disadvantage in the formulations ofEquations 3 through 5, as this method is not robust in the presence ofnoise. Consider, for instance, an image with a large blue-sky area whosemean color value is the color c. If the image is shot with a high ISOnumber and with strong JPG compression, not all pixels in the sky willbe equally blue. In this situation, the similarity expression s[ƒ(x,y),c] reflects the noise present in a blue-sky pixel to a certain extent.In the worst case, where variations in the color are due only to noisebut the underlying colors are very similar, the function s modifies thenoise amplitude to the extent ofsimilarity_noise_amplitude=original_noise_amplitude*max|s|.In example Equations 3-5, the change is added to the original image. Theresulting filtered image g has amplified noise, with {1+max|s|} timesthe amplitude of what it was in the original image. The noise increaseis also based upon the values of Δh and Δk, which is characteristic tomost image editing filters. The increase in noise level will frequentlybe visible to the observer of the image, and visibly degrades the image.

Conventional approaches to the noise enhancement problem are (1) tofirst reduce the noise in the original image and then perform thefiltering function, or (2) to first perform the filtering function andthen reduce the noise in the resulting image. These prior art approacheshave the disadvantage that actual desired features in the image arebeing reduced.

An alternative prior art approach is to apply noise reductionselectively to the affected areas, but this also produces unwanted sideeffects, such as loss of detail, unwanted artifacts, or an unevendistribution of image structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention meets this need by providing with an improved method offiltering an image reduces the noise enhancement of prior artimage-enhancing filters. In prior art filtering, the magnitude of afiltering effect is based on structure in the image. The improved methodprocesses the image while preserving the edges of the image, but reducesnoise in non-edge areas. In one embodiment a structure-adaptive filterprocesses the image to determine the intensity of one or moreimage-enhancing changes, and the one or more image-enhancing changes areperformed on the underlying image as a function of the determinedintensity.

In an illustrative embodiment of a filter using the method, filterparameters include a selected reference color and a selected change ofthe reference color. The image is filtered with an edge-preservingdetail-reducing filter (EPRDF). At each pixel to be modified, theselected change of color, scaled by a measure of color similarity to theselected reference color in the corresponding pixel in the EPRDF image,is added to the unmodified corresponding pixel value. In a secondillustrative embodiment, the user selects filter parameters including areference color and a change of contrast for the reference color. Theimage ƒ is EPDRF-filtered to produce an image {circumflex over (ƒ)}, andthen highpass-filtered. At each pixel to be modified, the desired changeof contrast, scaled by the measure of color similarity to the selectedreference color in the corresponding pixel in the EPDRF image andmultiplied by the corresponding pixel in the highpass image, is added tothe unmodified corresponding pixel value in the original image. Infurther embodiments, the methods of the first two embodiments arecombined and generalized to support an arbitrary number of referencecolors, and corresponding brightness and contrast changes. Alternativeembodiments demonstrate a variety of uses of noise-reduced similarityfunctions in alternative formulations of noise-reduced image processingfilters.

The color similarity function is one type of generalizedstructure-adaptive filter. Other embodiments of the invention utilizemore complex structure-adaptive filters, and the invention includesmeans to modify the intensity of an enhancement effect as a function ofother user selected parameters, such as pixel location, relative spatialdistance, local image frequency content, or local image patternmatching.

In a preferred embodiment, a particular edge-preserving detail-reducingfilter (EPRDF) is used. In addition, for some types of EPRDF, the imageprocessing chain of the method may be differently arranged and/ordifferently partitioned in an equivalent structure. Example equivalentstructure is described.

A method for applying an enhancement filter to a digital image with anoise level, and comprising a plurality of pixels, with minimalamplification of the noise level, is disclosed, the method comprisingfiltering the digital image with an edge-preserving detail-reducingfilter, determining a matrix from the filtered digital image, whereinthe matrix is the result of one or more structure adaptive functionsapplied to the filtered digital image, and wherein the matrix comprisesone or more values, each of the one or more values determining amagnitude of the enhancement filter to apply at a corresponding pixel inthe digital image, and modifying the digital image using the enhancementfilter, adjusted by the one or more matrix values, to produce anenhanced digital image.

Alternatively, the method can proceed by first determining a matrix fromthe digital image, wherein the matrix is the result of one or morestructure adaptive functions applied to the digital image, thenfiltering the matrix with an edge-preserving detail-reducing filter togenerate a filtered matrix, and then performing the modifying step.

The enhancement filter can be, for example, selected from the groupconsisting of a color change filter, a contrast change filter, or both acolor change and a contrast change filter.

The edge-preserving detail-reducing filter can be, for example, selectedfrom the group consisting of an arctan Gaussian filter, an arctanblurring filter, a wavelet-based detail-reduction filter, a bilateralfilter, a Beltrami flow filter, an adaptive Gaussian blurring filter,and an edge-preserving smoothing filter using geodesic distances.

The matrix in the determining step can further be the result of afunction of one or more color similarities to a reference color, thecolor similarity being determined from a color distance from acorresponding pixel in the digital image to the reference color.Optionally, the matrix is the result of a function of one or moregeometric distances, wherein the geometric distance is determined fromthe location of a corresponding pixel in the digital image in relationto a reference pixel or a reference region.

A method for enhancing a digital image with a noise level, andcomprising a plurality of pixels, with minimal amplification of thenoise level, is also disclosed, the method comprising filtering thedigital image with an EPDR edge-preserving detail-reducing filter;generating a first image by filtering the EPDR filtered digital imagewith a structure-adaptive filter; generating a second image by filteringthe EPDR filtered digital image with a highpass filter; and adding thefirst generated image and second generated image to produce an enhancedimage.

The structure-adaptive filter could be, for example, a user defineableimage reference point or region. Further, it could comprise a functionof one or more color similarities, wherein the color similarity isdetermined from the similarity of a corresponding pixel in the EPDRfiltered digital image with a reference color. Still further, thestructure-adaptive filter further comprises a function of one or moregeometric distances, wherein the geometric distance is determined fromthe location of the corresponding pixel in relation to a reference pixelor a reference region.

A method for editing a digital image comprising a plurality of pixels,to modify similarly colored pixels and the contrast of similarly coloredpixels, id disclosed, the method comprising generating lowpass andhighpass versions of the digital image; receiving a set of one or morethan one reference color, and for each of the one of more than onereference color, a corresponding desired color change and acorresponding desired contrast change; and modifying one or more pixelsin the digital image by determining the location of each pixel to bemodified in the digital image, and the location of the correspondingpixels in the lowpass version of the digital image and the highpassversion of the digital image; and for each reference color in the set ofone or more than one reference color, measuring the similarity of thecorresponding pixels in the lowpass digital image to the reference colorusing a similarity function, scaling the corresponding desired colorchange using the measured lowpass similarities to generate a scaledcolor change, scaling the corresponding desired contrast change usingthe measured lowpass similarities to generate a scaled contrast change,determining a partial modification of the pixel values of the pixels inthe digital image using the scaled color change, determining a partialmodification of the pixel values of the pixels in the digital image byadding the product of the scaled contrast change and the correspondingpixel in the highpass digital image, and adding the determined partialmodifications to the unmodified pixel values to produce modified pixelvalues.

A method of filtering a digital image comprising pixels with anedge-preserving detail-reducing filter, is disclosed, the methodcomprising filtering the digital image with a lowpass filter; applying aconstraining function to limit the differences between the digital imageand the lowpass filtered image; and adding the constrained differencesto the digital image to produce a edge-preserved detail-reduced digitalimage. The constraining function could be, for example, an arctanfunction.

An apparatus for image editing is described, the apparatus comprising amemory, a processor, an input/output interface, and a set of processorinstructions, stored in the memory, wherein, when the set of processorinstructions are accessed by the processor and executed, the set ofexecuted processor instructions are operable to receive one or moreuser-selectable image editing parameters; access a digital image inmemory to be modified, wherein the digital image comprises a pluralityof pixels; filter the digital image with an edge-preservingdetail-reducing filter; determine a matrix from the filtered digitalimage, wherein the matrix is the result of one or more structureadaptive functions applied to the filtered digital image, and whereinthe matrix comprises one or more values, each of the one or more valuesdetermining a magnitude of an enhancement effect to apply at a pixel inthe digital image; and modifying the digital image using an enhancementfilter, adjusted by the one or more matrix values, to produce anenhanced image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with reference to the followingdescription, illustrations, equations, appended claims, and accompanyingdrawings where:

FIG. 1 shows a prior art brightening filter 103 applied to a waveform100 with a noisy bright area 101 and a noisy dark area 102, whichresults in a waveform 104 with amplified noise.

FIG. 2 shows the result of applying a filter according to one embodimentof the invention to the waveform of FIG. 1, resulting in noise inwaveform 207 approximately to the same extent as in the originalwaveform 200.

FIG. 3 shows the result of applying an EPRDF to a sketched portraitimage 300, resulting in a filtered image 301 useable according to theinvention as an input to a color change filter.

FIG. 4 is a sketch of an image where the dotted line 401 encloses aregion of interest, showing areas with varying spatial and colordistances to the region of interest, which will be affected by thestructure adaptive aspect of the present invention to a greater orlesser extent.

FIG. 5 illustrates a one dimensional image 501, a blurred version ofthat image 502, an embodiment of an EPDRF 504, and the resulting image503 showing suppression of noise in feature-less areas, filteredaccording to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sketch of an image 601 being edited using controlicon 603, and a close-up view of a portion 602 of that image, in whichthe change applied at 603 is targeted to impact a color region as wellas to impact a spatial region, resulting in spatial variation inapplication of the change.

FIG. 7 shows an unfiltered two-dimensional image 701, a detailedclose-up view 720 of the section of the original image in 701 enclosedby a dashed rectangle, the same close-up view 730 after application of apolarization filter using the prior art, and the same close-up view 740after application of a polarization filter using one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 8 shows an example embodiment as a functionally partitioned blockdiagram.

FIG. 9 shows a structure equivalent to FIG. 8 with differentpartitioning.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is useable as a plug-in supplemental program similar toNik Color Efex Pro′, as an independent module that may be integratedinto any commercially available image processing program such as Adobe®Photoshop®, Apple® Aperture®, or Nikon Capture NX2™, into any imageprocessing device that is capable of modifying and displaying an image,such as a color copier or a self service photo print kiosk, or even acamera, as a dynamic library file or similar module that may beimplemented into other software programs whereby image measurement andmodification may be useful, or as a stand alone software program. Theseare all examples, without limitation, of image processing of a digitalimage. Although embodiments of the invention adjusting color, contrast,noise reduction, and sharpening are described, the present invention isuseful for altering any attribute or feature of the digital image.

Furthermore, it will become clear with regard to the current inventionthat the user interface for the current invention may have variousembodiments, which will become clear later in this disclosure.

A. Color Change Filter

As noted above, there are many ways to express an image-processingfilter. A simple color-based brightness change filter is used toillustrate the method of the current invention. The method is usablewith a wide variety of other structure-adaptive filters, as describedfurther below. As noted above, a suitable similarity function at anypoint (x,y) is given by:s[ƒ(x,y),c]=1/(1+D _(c)[ƒ(x,y),c]).Alternate suitable embodiments of a similarity function includes[ƒ(x,y),c]=1/(1+w ² D _(c)[ƒ(x,y),c]),s[ƒ(x,y),c]=1/(1+|w|D _(c)[ƒ(x,y),c])s[ƒ(x,y),c]=exponential(−D _(c)[ƒ(x,y),c]/w ²),ands[ƒ(x,y),c]=exponential(−D _(c)[ƒ(x,y),c]/|w|),where w is a spreading parameter affecting the breadth of similarcolors.

Equation 3 may be rewritten for any point (x,y) as:g(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+Δhs[ƒ(x,y),c],g(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+ChangeIntensity[Δh,c,ƒ(x,y)], where  (6)ChangeIntensity[Δh,c,ƒ(x,y)]=Δhs[ƒ(x,y),c].  (7)In Equation (7), the desired color change, Δh, is scaled by a measure ofsimilarity in the image ƒ to the reference color c at the coordinates(x,y) to determine the amount of change in the pixels of ƒ at thecorresponding coordinates. (A pixel in one image corresponds to a pixelin another image if they have the same coordinates.)

An improved form of example Equation 7 provides a significant advantagein the treatment of noise. Instead, an improved filter uses the functionChangeIntensity[Δh,c,{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)]=Δhs[{circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y),c],where{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)=E[ƒ(x,y)] is a filtered version ofƒ(x,y).  (8)In the improved filter, the desired color change, Δh, is scaled by ameasure of similarity in the image {circumflex over (ƒ)} to thereference color c at the coordinates (x,y) to determine the amount ofchange at the corresponding coordinates. The filter E is anedge-preserving detail-reducing filter (EPDRF), as discussed in moredetail below.

A generalization of Equation 6 is provided by:g(x,y)=ColorChange{ƒ(x,y),ChangeIntensity[Δh,c,{circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y)]},g(x,y)=ColorChange{ƒ(x,y),u},  (9)where ColorChange{ƒ(x,y), u} represents a function applying a desiredcolor change intensity u to the color values of the unmodified pixels ofƒ(x,y). Example ColorChange functions areColorchange{ƒ(x,y),u}=ƒ(x,y)+u,  (10)Colorchange{ƒ(x,y),u}=ƒ(x,y)u, or  (11)Colorchange{ƒ(x,y),u}=ƒ(x,y)exponential[u],  (12)The quantity u, output from the ChangeIntensity function, may be thoughtof as a scalar quantity, or alternatively, the change in color appliedin Equations 10 to 12 may be expressed, for example, as athree-component RGB color u=(u[r], u[g], u[b]).

Note that, in Equation 7, ƒ is a direct input of the functionChangeIntensity. Therefore, the ChangeIntensity function is susceptibleto noise in ƒ. In the improved Equation 8, the ChangeIntensity functionreduces noise by modifying the image ƒ to create an image {circumflexover (ƒ)} to measure similarity, while applying the filtering result tothe actual image, as in Equation 9 and example Equations 10 to 12. Inother words, in this embodiment the color change filter is a function ofboth the original image, and a change in intensity that is itself afunction of a version of the original image filtered with an EPDRFfilter. The increase in noise level, if any, should be minimal, and maynot be visible to the average observer of a printed or displayed versionof the enhanced image.

B. The EPRDF

In Equations 8 and 9, a filtered image {circumflex over (ƒ)} is beingused for the detection of the desired change, while the color changesare rendered based on the unmodified values of ƒ. If {circumflex over(ƒ)} is a noise-reduced version of ƒ, the resulting filtered image gwill contain all the desired color changes, but the increase in noise isless than that using the original image ƒ as input to the similarityfunction as in Equation 7. If, in addition, {circumflex over (ƒ)}preserves the edges of ƒ, the resulting filtered image g will containall the original detail of ƒ.

TABLE 1 EPDRF filtering techniques and relative complexity TypicalProcessing Name of Technique Requirements Wavelet-based noise reductionhigh Bilateral Filters low Arctan Gaussian low Heat diffusion processesmedium Beltrami flow filter medium Adaptive Gaussian blurring low

Various example EPDRF filtering techniques and their relative processingrequirements are shown in Table 1. Those skilled in the art will knowthat implementing these advanced noise-reduction techniques can be verycomputationally intensive. For instance, the technique known aswavelet-based noise reduction requires a lot of processing time andmemory if the results are to be visually appealing. However, therequirements for a filter to produce the image {circumflex over (ƒ)} forthe current convention can be substantially less strict than those forthe advanced EPDRF techniques of Table 1 and still produce visuallyappealing results.

Any edge-preserving detail-reducing filter (EPDRF) filter can be usedfor the creation of {circumflex over (ƒ)} from ƒ. An EPDRF, as definedhereinafter, is a filter that reduces the weak high-frequency detail inthe image while leaving the strong edges in the image unaffected. EPDRFfiltering techniques are known by various names in the art, such as“edge-preserving smoothing filters,” “edge-based adaptive smoothing,”“edge-preserving MAP estimation,” “nonlinear mean filters,”“detail-preserving smoothing,” “edge preserving filters using geodesicdistances,” “feature-preserving de-noising,” “edge-sensitive smoothing,”“nonlinear smoothing,” “adaptive Gaussian blurring” and “bilateralfilters.” The EPDRF filtering problem and a bilateral filtering solutionare discussed in C. Tomasi & R. Manducci, Bilateral Filtering for Grayand Color Images, in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on ComputerVision, pp. 839-846, January 1998.

FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of applying an EPDRF. In FIG. 3, image 300depicts an image before filtering with an EPRDF, while image 301 is theresult of applying an EPDRF to image 300.

As discussed above, the resulting image g is computed based on theoriginal image ƒ, containing the original noise and artifacts, while thechange intensity value is computed based on {circumflex over (ƒ)},containing less noise and artifacts. Hence, the resulting image g stillcontains all of the original noise, artifacts and detail, but thecontrast and color changing routine does not increase this detail,resulting in a natural looking image with visual appeal.

C. Embodiments of the EPRDF Function

The Arctan Gaussian filter is an example EPRDF suitable to practice theinvention. The Arctan Gaussian is further generalized here to provide anArctan Blurring filter. The Arctan Blurring filter provides a very fastyet effective implementation of an EPDRF filter for the invention.

Let ƒ be the unfiltered image and let ƒ(x,y)=T[ƒ(x,y)] be a blurredversion of the image. The function T, for example, could provide aGaussian blur, but ƒ can be the blurred result of any lowpass filteringof ƒ. An EPDRF version {circumflex over (ƒ)} of ƒ can be described inone embodiment as{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+[ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)]arctan(∥ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)∥),  (13)where “∥ ∥” denotes a color norm. In an alternate embodiment for a colorsystem which can be linearly scaled, each component of the color of[ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)] is scaled by an arctan function. In an RGB color system,for example{circumflex over (ƒ)}_(r)(x,y)=ƒ_(r)(x,y)+arctan( ƒ_(r)(x,y)−ƒ_(r)(x,y)),{circumflex over (ƒ)}_(g)(x,y)=ƒ_(g)(x,y)+arctan(ƒ_(g)(x,y)−ƒ_(g)(x,y)),{circumflex over (ƒ)}_(b)(x,y)=ƒ_(b)(x,y)+arctan(ƒ_(b)(x,y)−ƒ_(b)(x,y)),Alternatively, instead of the arctan function, any other continuous,monotonic function H, with a rate of change denoted H′, that satisfiesthe following four conditions may be used:(i) H′(0)=1,(ii) H(0)=0,(iii) H′(x)=0 for |x|>>0, and(iv) |H(x)|<ε for all x,  (14)where ε is a small quantity. For example, with H(x) defined byif (x<ε), then H(x)=x; else H(x)=ε,the generalized resulting EPDRF version {circumflex over (ƒ)} of ƒ canbe described in one embodiment as{circumflex over (ƒ)}=ƒ+(ƒ−ƒ)H[∥ƒ−ƒ∥]/{∥ƒ−ƒ∥}  (15)

Equation 15 and the conditions on the function H in Equation 14 can beinterpreted as follows. In featureless areas, the difference between ƒand ƒ is small and therefore, in a feature-less area, the image{circumflex over (ƒ)} is close to the blurred version {circumflex over(ƒ)}. In edgy areas, the difference between ƒ and ƒ is large andtherefore the image {circumflex over (ƒ)} approximately equals the imageƒ with the magnitude of difference limited by ε. In other words, theresulting image is expressed as a sum of the image and the differencebetween the blurred image and the image, with the difference limitedwhen the magnitude is too large.

This means that in plain areas the image {circumflex over (ƒ)} is closeto the blurred version of ƒ, in edgy, high frequency areas the image{circumflex over (ƒ)} equals the image ƒ with an addition or subtractionnot exceeding ε. In even other words, the image is expressed as a sum ofthe image and the difference between the blurred image and the originalimage, while said difference is damped in its amplitude if it is high.

FIG. 5 illustrates the concept with a one-dimensional image. Waveform501 indicates an unfiltered one-dimensional image ƒ(x), including astrong edge and relatively plain areas with overlaid sinusoidal noise.Waveform 502 illustrates a blurred image of waveform 501. Graph 504illustrates an example function satisfying the conditions of Equation14. Waveform 503 displays the one-dimensional image {circumflex over(ƒ)}(x) determined using an Arctan Gaussian as the function H. In asingle-dimensional Gaussian blur, the coefficients of a filter areapproximately proportional toH(x)˜exp[−x ²/2r ²],whereas, for a two-dimensional Gaussian blur,H(x,y)˜exp[−(x ² +y ²)/2r ²],where r is referred to as the radius of the distribution. Note that, inwaveform 503, the one-dimensional image {circumflex over (ƒ)}(x) shownsuppression of noise in featureless areas, while preserving structurenear edges.D. Contrast Change Filter

Similarly, an embodiment of a contrast-changing filter using the methodof the current invention uses a variant of Equation 4, repeated here:g(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+Δks[ƒ(x,y),c][ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)], wherewhere Δk denotes the desired contrast change, and ƒ(x,y) denotes alowpass filtered version of the image ƒ(x,y) for any point (x,y). InEquation 4, a value of Δk equal to zero causes no contrast change, and apositive (negative) value of Δk causes an increase (decrease) incontrast. This may be modified to becomeg(x,y)=ContrastChange{ƒ(x,y), ChangeIntensity[Δk,c,{circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y)]}, where  (16)ChangeIntensity[Δk,c,{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)]=Δks[ƒ(x,y),c],and  (17)ContrastChange{ƒ(x,y),v}=ƒ(x,y)+v[ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)].  (18)In this example embodiment, Equation 17, like Equation 8, uses asimilarity function operating on the EPDRF filtered image {circumflexover (ƒ)}(x,y) to scale the desired effect.E. Combining a Color and Contrast Change

Equations 9 and 16 may be combined and generalized to combine a desiredcolor and contrast change. In this case, a general form for the filteris given byg(x,y)=CombinedChange{ƒ(x,y),DualChangeIntensity[{circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y),Δh,Δk,c]},where  (19)DualChangeIntensity[{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y),Δh,Δk,c]=(u _(xy) ,v_(xy))  (20)CombinedChange{u,v} _(xy)=ƒ(x,y)+u _(xy) +v _(xy)[ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)],  (21)where, as in Equations 8 and 17,u _(xy)=ChangeIntensity[Δh,c,{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)], andv _(xy)=ChangeIntensity[Δk,c,{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)].F. Combining Multiple Color and Contrast Changes

Equation 19 may also be generalized for an arbitrary number of referencecolors. This can be described by introducing a series of Nthree-component controlsCCT={(c[1],Δh[1],Δk[1]), . . . ,(c[N],Δh[N],Δk[N])},  (22)hereinafter named the Color Change Table (CCT), where, when index nranges from 1 to N, each c[n] represents a reference color, each Δh[n]represents a corresponding desired color change, and each Δk[n]represents a corresponding desired contrast change. Equation 19 may bere-expressed as:CombinedChange(u,v)_(xy)=ƒ(x,y)+Modification(u,v)_(xy), whereModification(u,v)_(xy) =u _(xy) +v _(xy)[ƒ(x,y)−ƒ(x,y)].  (23)For an arbitrary number of reference colors, the modifications arecombined in the image editing function by definingCombinedMods_(xy)=ΣModification(u[n],v[n])_(xy),  (24)where the summation ranges from n equals one to N. The n^(th) pair ofscaled changes is given by(u[n],v[n])_(xy)=DualChangeIntensity{{circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y),Δh[n],Δk[n],c[n])},  (25)as in Equation 20 where c[n] is the n^(th) reference color, Δh[n] is thecorresponding n^(th) desired color change, and Δk[n] is thecorresponding n^(th) desired contrast change. The output of the filteris given byg(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+CombinedMods_(xy).  (26)G. Alternate Formulation of the Filtering Functions

In the filters described above, the method applies an EPDRF to determinethe channel used to calculate the effect intensity. It does not applythe EPDRF to the original image component of the resultant image, anddoes not apply the EPRDF to the resultant image. Several alternateembodiments similar to example Equation 8 can be used to achieve thedesired effect. Two embodiments are:M=Colorchange{ƒ(x,y),EPRDF[ChangeIntensity(ƒ(x,y),c)]}, and  (27)M=Colorchange{ƒ(x,y),ChangeIntensity({circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y),c)}+(ƒ(x,y)−{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)).  (28)where {circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)=EPRDF(ƒ(x,y)).

In Equation 8, the effect intensity is calculated based upon an EPDRFversion off and then applied to ƒ. In Equation 27, an EPDRF function isapplied to a matrix representing a plurality of effect intensities, theresult of which is then applied to ƒ. In Equation 28, the details arebeing removed from ƒ with an EPDRF, to which the effect is then beingapplied, and then the detail, (ƒ−{circumflex over (ƒ)}), is added to theimage again.

H. Generalization of the Filtering Functions

In a further generalization, consider any filter of the formg(x,y)=T{ƒ(x,y),a _(xy)(ƒ)}, where  (29)

ƒ(x,y) is a two-dimensional original image to be filtered;

a_(xy)(ƒ) is a scalar-valued function that defines the intensity of animage change at the coordinates (x,y) as a function of the image ƒ;

T is an image filter, modifying an image based on provided scalarintensity; and

g(x,y) is the two-dimensional filtered image.

The reader may note that this is a generalization of Equations 6 to 7,wherea _(xy) =Δhs(ƒ(x,y),c).In this example, the scalar-valued intensity function is a function oftwo arguments, the similarity of a pixels to a reference color, and auser-selected color change, Δh. As used hereinafter, the function thatgenerates the scalar-valued intensity function is defined as astructure-adaptive filter if each output of the filter comprises afunction of the color of an associated pixel. Functions of the color ofthe pixels may include quantities derived from the color, such asbrightness, luminosity, saturation, hue, and color temperature. Astructure-adaptive filter can also functionally depend on one or moreadditional parameters, including the location of the associated pixel,the neighboring pixels' values, pattern matching in a neighborhood ofthe associated pixel, frequency content in a neighborhood of theassociated pixel, directional orientation of present structure, entropyof the pixels and neighboring pixels, or one or more other user-selectedparameters.

Let {circumflex over (ƒ)} be an EPDRF filtered version of ƒ. Using thisnotation, embodiments of filters of the present invention may beexpressed as:g=T{ƒ,a({circumflex over (ƒ)})},  (30)g=T[ƒ, EPDRF{a(ƒ)}], and  (31)g=T{{circumflex over (ƒ)},a({circumflex over (ƒ)})}+(ƒ−{circumflex over(ƒ)}).  (32)

In Equation 30, the EPDRF filter is applied to the image ƒ to create{circumflex over (ƒ)}, while the structure-adaptive filter is applied tothe image {circumflex over (ƒ)}. In Equation 31, the structure-adaptivefilter is applied to the original image, but an EPDRF is applied to theresult. In Equation 32, the entire image filtering function, consistingof the filter function T as well as the scalar-valued function a, isapplied on an EPDRF version of ƒ, but to avoid loss of detail, the imagedetails in (ƒ−{circumflex over (ƒ)}) are restored by adding the lastterm. Note that, for some editing functions T, the formulas turn out tobe equivalent. For instance, when T is a ColorChange function given byEquation 10, Equations 30-32 are equivalent. Also note that, in thealternate embodiment of Equation 31, the edge-data used by the EPDRF canbe derived from the original image ƒ instead of ChangeIntensity(ƒ, c),providing results with better precision in some implementations. Otherembodiments of the structure-adaptive filter are discussed below.

I. Illustrative Results

FIG. 1 represents a prior art one-dimensional filtering enhancement,while FIG. 2 represents the same enhancement using the disclosed method.FIG. 1 is calculated using Equation 7, whereas FIG. 2 is determinedusing Equation 8.

In FIG. 1, the waveform 100 shows two areas, a noisy bright area 101 anda noisy dark area 102. Note that on the vertical axis the averageluminosity of area 102 is labeled with c. The signal 103 below shows theresult of filtering 100 with s(ƒ,c). As shown in 103, the similaritymeasure shows high values for the area corresponding to 102, but due tothe noise, the left side of signal 103 is not even at its maximum value.On the right side of signal 103, the similarity in color values issmall. The signal 104 shows the result of applying a brightening filteroperating on colors close to color c using the similarity function. Thenoise present in 102 is amplified on the left side in 103, and appearsamplified 105 in the resulting enhanced image 104.

In FIG. 2, the signal 200, with right side portion 201 and left sideportion 202, is a duplicate of 100. The signal {circumflex over (ƒ)}shown in 203 is the result of applying an EPDRF to ƒ. It can be observedthat the noisy dark area 202 has turned into a noise-free dark area 204.The result of the same similarity function applied to {circumflex over(ƒ)} is shown as 205. The similarity calculation shows a plain,noise-less plateau 206 with a sharp edge. The signal 207 shows theresult of applying the modified brightening filter to 200. The noise isneither amplified nor reduced, but is still present in the left side ofthe resulting image 208 approximately to the same extent as in theoriginal region 202.

J. Example Filter Functions

J1. Polarization

A simple digital approach to creating a polarization-like effect, mainlyintended to darken the sky, is to darken all blue areas in the image.Note that commercial polarization filters need to do more refinedoperations to affect contrast, colors, and color brilliance. For clarityof explanation purposes, this example will focus on merely darkening theblue colors. A polarization filter can be implemented using Equation 8withg=Colorchange{ƒ,ChangeIntensity[{circumflex over (ƒ)},c,Δh]}, where

c equals the blue color value,

Δh is negative, and

{circumflex over (ƒ)} is the result of applying an EPDRF to ƒ.

In FIG. 7, an unfiltered two-dimensional image 701 is shown. A detailedclose-up view 720 shows the section of the original image in 701enclosed by a dashed rectangle. A polarization filter is simulated tocreate the output images. Image 730 shows the resulting close-up view inthe prior art method, as in Equation 7. Image 740 shows the resultingclose-up view produced by the described method in Equation 8. Note that,in both 730 and 740, blue pixels became darker, but 730 containsamplified noise as compared to the prior art filtered image in 740.

J2. Brightening Skin

An example filter intended to brighten up skin colors can be implementedusing Equation 8 withM=Colorchange{ƒ,ChangeIntensity[{circumflex over (ƒ)},c,Δh]}, where

c equals a skin tone color value,

Δh is positive, and

{circumflex over (ƒ)} is the result of applying an EPDRF to ƒ.

J3. Conversion of Color Image to Black and White

This example filter would simulate a real-world red-orange color filterused to capture an image in an analog black and white camera. Theexample simulation filter operates on sampled color values usingEquations 22-26 withg=BW{ƒ(x,y)+CombinedMods_(xy)}, where

N=5,

c[1]=a red color value,

c[2]=an orange color value,

c[3]=a yellow color value,

c[4]=a green color value,

c[5]=a blue color value,

Δh[1]=Δh[2]=1,

Δh[3]=0.5,

Δh[4]=Δh[5]=−1,

Δk[n]=0 for all n, and

the function BW calculates a grey scale value as a function of a colorvalue.

K. Structure-Adaptive Filtering Including Location and Color DependentEnhancements.

The invention may be used to improve noise immunity in all image-editingfunctions where the color of a pixel influences the strength of anapplied effect. Improved noise immunity is achieved in simple filters,like the one improved in Equations 7-8, where effect intensity dependsonly on color similarity, and more complex filters where effectintensity depends not only on similarity to a reference color, but alsoon one or more factors based on the spatial location or other structuralinformation within the image. For instance, a more complex filterdarkens blue pixels in the upper half of the image and brightens greenpixels in the lower half of the image.

The inventor has provide other examples of structure-adaptive filters invarious United States patent applications, the content of each of whichis incorporated by reference in this disclosure in its entirety, asfollows: U.S. Pat. No. 7,257,269, titled “Digital Polarization Filter,”filed Jun. 27, 2003; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/674,080, titled“Self-Adaptive Brush for Digital Images,” filed Feb. 12, 2007, nowPublication No. 2007/0188510; U.S. Pat. No. 6,865,300, titled “UserDefineable Image Reference Points,” filed Apr. 13, 2004; U.S. Pat. No.6,728,421, titled “User Defineable Image Reference Points,” filed Apr.13, 2004; U.S. Pat. No. 7,031,547, titled “User Defineable ImageReference Points,” filed Mar. 3, 2005; and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/832,599, titled “User Definable Image Reference Regions,” filedAug. 1, 2007, now Publication No. 2008/0137952.

These example filters include not only functionality to receive userinput to identify one or more reference colors and a means of measuringa color difference from the one or more reference colors, but alsofunctionality to receive user input related to spatial intensity of thefilter. For instance, user input related to spatial intensity canspecify an area of an image defined by a single pixel or referencepoint, bounding coordinates, an arbitrarily defined region, or a brushstroke. Image-processing software then uses this spatial intensity inputin combination with a pixel's color dependency to determine the strengthof a desired effect for each pixel.

All of the example image-editing systems above have in common that theintensity of an effect applied at a pixels is dependent, among otheruser-input parameters, on the color attributes of a pixel. The examplesabove include systems where a structure-adaptive system is implementedthat receives input from a user in the form of regions of interest, oflocations of interest, or of brush strokes that are subject to berefined by software.

In one embodiment, a function s(ƒ, x, y<, . . . , . . . >) forprocessing a two-dimensional image ƒ is considered structure-adaptivewhen|∂s/∂x|<ε,|∂s/∂y|<ε, and|∂s/∂ƒ|<ε,for a small quantity ε; and there exist images ƒ₁, ƒ₂ and locationcoordinates (x,y) such thats(ƒ₁ x,y<, . . . , . . . >)≠s(ƒ₂ ,x,y<, . . . , . . . >).The expression <, . . . , . . . > indicates that s can have one or moreoptional parameters, such as user-provided region boundaries,coordinates, brush stroke data, global filtering strengths, patternmatching parameters, and the like.

A structure-adaptive function s(ƒ, x, y, <, . . . , . . . >) thatcomputes a scalar value or weight for every pixel in ƒ may be used toproduce a structure-adaptive enhancement filter. An enhancement filterthat processes an image is considered structure-adaptive when the filtercomprises a structure-adaptive function s used to determine to whatextent a pixel or an attribute of a pixel in the image is changed. Theattributes may include any stored attribute of a pixel or a quantitydetermined as a function of stored attributes of a pixel, such asbrightness, sharpness, saturation, warmth, hue, opacity, and the like.

The matrix of values provided by s calculated for a certain image ƒ,collectively associated with an image, would normally have some edgesand, typically, all the edges found in an image corresponding to s wouldcoincide with the edges found in ƒ. In some degenerate cases, however,an image ƒ can be found where a corresponding image may not have edges.For instance, s can be a function that detects a color similarity to areference blue color, but an image ƒ may not contain any blue colors. Insome cases, depending on its implementation, an image corresponding to smay not show any edges or corners. In addition, the orientation of theedges in an image corresponding to s do not have to be identical to theorientation of the edges in ƒ, where orientation is understood as thesign of the color difference from one side of the edge to the otherside, and not the spatial, directional orientation.

In another embodiment, a filter is considered structure-adaptive to animage ƒ if the image contains details (twigs, eyelashes, grain, noise,JPG-artifacts, skin pores etc.) and if the strength of the effectapplied by the filter varies in the vicinity of some of said details asa function of said details.

In the example image-editing systems above, one value of effectintensity is calculated for every pixel by a function s. The examplescan benefit from the invention using, for example, the three embodimentsof Equations 30-32:

-   -   i. the entire method is applied to a EPDRF version of the image,        and then the remaining high-frequency component is added onto        the result, as in Equation 32; or    -   ii. the said effect intensity is calculated based on an EPDRF        version of the image and then the effect is applied to the        original image, as in Equation 30; or    -   iii. the said effect intensity value is calculated for every        pixels and considered a filtered image, and then an EPDRF        version of said filtered image can be used for enhancing the        original image, as in Equation 31.

In further embodiments, two or more instances of this invention may beimplemented, so that in one software application two or more effectintensity values can be processed per pixel, for instance to empower theuser to selectively modify brightness and color temperature within onesoftware module, or red, green, blue component, or sharpness, contrastand hue.

FIG. 4 illustrates the use of the described method, shown with respectto the example of image reference regions. The dotted line 401 enclosesa region that the user is interested in editing. Area 402 shows pixelsthat have a low spatial distance to the boundary of the user-setlocation 401 and that have a low color distance to the color of theuser-set location. Area 403 shows pixels that have a higher spatialdistance to the boundary of the user-set location 401 and that have ahigher color distance to the color of the user-set location. Thefar-away pixels of area 403 will be affected to a lesser extent by theimage enhancement associated with the region of interest, while thenearby pixels in 402 will be affected to a higher extent by said imageenhancement. This example would be structure-adaptive and hence couldbenefit from this invention by using an EPDRF version of the image fordetermining the color space distances. Noise in the image areas 402 and403 will not degrade the result of the enhancement.

FIG. 6 shows an image 601 with a region that the user is interested inediting in the same context of the above referenced patents titled UserDefineable Image Reference Points. The area enclosed by a dashedrectangle in 601 is shown at a larger scale and in greater detail in602. Area 602 depicts a close-up view including part of a cloud in thesky. A selective, color-based enhancement has been positioned in theright area of image 601, as indicated by control icon 603. For moreinformation on the meaning and use of image editing control icons, seethe patents referenced above relating to User Defineable Image ReferencePoints. Assume that the color at locations 604, 605, 606, and 607 isapproximately the same. Since the color/contrast change applied at 603is targeted to impact a color region as well as to impact a spatialregion, pixels near to 603 are more affected than far-away pixels of thesame color. The location 604 within 602 will be more affected by colorchanges than the location 605, the location 605 will be more affected bycolor changes than the location 606, and location 606 will be moreaffected than location 607. If the control icon 603 controls anoperation to darken blue pixels, for example, nearby blue pixels at 604will be more affected by this operation than blue pixels at 605, whichare more affected than blue pixels at 606, which are in turn moreaffected than blue pixels at 607. The inventions titled User DefineableImage Reference Points, can also benefit from the improved noiseimmunity of the invention disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, operations that combine a color range and a spatialrange can be approximated locally, at least in very small areas of theimage, as a purely color-based contrast change. The invention describedherein can also be modified to apply in these cases. In order tolocalize effects, each effect is associated with a location. The CCT ismodified to produce a color-location change table (CLCT), where eachentry is a four-component control consisting of a color, alocation-dependent function, a corresponding desired color change, and acorresponding desired contrast change. A CLCT with N entries is given byCLCT={(c[1],L[1],Δh[1],Δk[1]), . . . ,(c[N],L[N],Δh[N],Δk[N])}.The modified filtering equation isg=LocalChanges{ƒ,LocationIntensities({circumflex over (ƒ)},CLCT)},where  (33)

{circumflex over (ƒ)} is an EPDRF version of ƒ.

The new location-dependent functions L[1], . . . , L[N] are determinedfrom locations in the image. For example, the functions {L[1], . . . ,L[N]} can be a measure of spatial distance to a reference pixel or to areference group of pixels. In other words, L[n] is a function thatscales the desired color and contrast change performed at various pixellocations. The n^(th) location-dependent function, L[n], has aparticular value at the coordinates (x,y), denoted L[n]_(xy). L[n]_(xy)indicates how much the n^(th) image-enhancing function affects the imagepixel at the location with coordinates (x,y).

In one embodiment of a location-dependent structure-adaptive filter, theintensity of an effect at a pixel is dependent on the Euclidean distanceof the pixel from a reference object as well as the color distance froma reference color. In one example embodiment, the user centers then^(th) color and contrast change at pixel coordinates (x[n], y[n]), andthe structure-adaptive filter function at a pixel with coordinates (x,y)isa _(xy)=exp[−{(x−x[n])²+(y−y[n])²}/2r ² ]·s({circumflex over(ƒ)}(x,y),c[n]).The matrix L[n] for the reference color c[n] may contain the values ofexp[−{(x−x[n])²+(y−y[n])²}/2r ²],for example. The radius r may be assigned a default value, or,alternatively, r is a user-selectable parameter.

Since {L[1], . . . , L[N]} typically represent continuous underlyingfunctions, they change only gradually from pixel to pixel, and thereforeabrupt changes in the filtered image are only generated by a contrastchange when the difference in similarity to a reference color betweenadjacent pixels is large, that is, when |s(ƒ[p], c[n])−s(ƒ[q], c[n]) islarge with p and q adjacent pixels in the image. Using the describedmethod to measure the difference in similarity based on {circumflex over(ƒ)}, large differences in adjacent pixels will be ameliorated, withimproved visual quality in the resulting filtered image.

L. Alternate Embodiments of Image Processing Path

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an image-processing filter using oneembodiment of the invention. The overall filter may be, for example, aColorChange filter as described. The user selects a reference color c, amaximum amount of color change Δh, and an optional spreading parameterw, for use with an exponential similarity function.

In the specific embodiment of FIG. 8, the input image ƒ is filtered withan EPDRF filter to generate an image {circumflex over (ƒ)} in filter801, denoted T1. The similarity of pixels in the image {circumflex over(ƒ)} to the reference color c is measured in Similarity Function block805. The similarity measurement, along with the original image ƒ, isinput to the image change filter 804, denoted T4. The image changefilter, for example, may implement Equation 8, repeated here,g(x,y)=ƒ(x,y)+Δhs({circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y),c).

Note that FIG. 8 contains a plurality of cascaded filtering operations.A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the output ofcascaded filters may be generated by a number of equivalent filteringconfigurations. For example, when two linear time-invariant filters, T1and T2, are cascaded, the two filters may be combined in a single filterG1, where the transfer function of the filter G1 in the spatial domainis the convolution of the filter T1 and the filter T2 in the spatialdomain, or equivalently, where the transfer function of the filter G1 inthe frequency domain is the product of the filter T1 and the filter T2in the frequency domain. Alternatively, the cascading order of filtersT1 and T2 may be reversed, but the reversed cascade of T2 followed by T1produces the same filtered output, D_(c). Similarly, the cascade offilter T3 and T4 in FIG. 8 may be replaced a single equivalent filter,G2 902. An example equivalent to the image-processing diagram of FIG. 8is shown in FIG. 9.

As a concrete example, the filter 801 may use a 23 by 23 mask to filterthe original image ƒ, where the filtering operation is represented by{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)=1/bΣΣk _(ij)ƒ[(x−12+i),(y−12+j)], whereb=ΣΣk _(ij),and where the double summations run from i equals 1 to 23 and j equals 1to 23. The ColorDistance filter T2 802 determines the distance from anoutput pixel of T1 to the reference color c, and may, for example, beD _(c)(x,y)=∥{circumflex over (ƒ)}(x,y)−c∥ ₂.

The cascade of filters T1 and T2 is represented by a single filter G1901 in FIG. 9, where the spatial-domain transfer function of filter G1is given byD _(c)(x,y)=1/b∥ΣΣk _(ij){ƒ[(x−12+i),(y−12+j)]−c}∥ ₂.  (34)

Note that, in FIG. 9, neither the EPDRF filtered image nor the output ofthe similarity function s, are explicitly determined. Instead, values ofthe filtered image {circumflex over (ƒ)} are implicitly combined using anorm to create a color distance mask D_(c). Alternatively, the colordistance mask D_(c) of Equation 34 may be thought of as the norm ofpixels in the image (ƒ−c) filtered by an EPDRF filter. The colordistance mask D_(c) is further combined with the original image ƒ in thefilter G2 902 to generate the modified image g, implicitly based ondetermining a similarity function. Although the configuration of FIG. 9does not explicitly calculate a similarity function as a separate stepor quantity, a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize thatFIG. 9 is the image-processing equivalent of FIG. 8, and may besubstituted as an embodiment of the invention without departing from thetrue scope of the invention.

M. Additional Comments

Note also that various user-editing operations can be combined in asimilar manner. The result of the function ChangeIntensity can beinterpreted as a selection-strength instead of a color change, used todetermine how much a particular editing operation contributes to thefiltering result. The resulting combined user-editing operations will beless subject to noise in the filtered image.

Advantageously, the invention can be embodied on a computer readablemedium having contents for causing a computer-based information handlingsystem to perform the steps described herein.

The invention is not limited to a particular computer hardwareimplementation, and any hardware implementation presently existing or tobe developed that permits processing of digital images using thedescribed method can be used.

The term memory block or data block refers to any possiblecomputer-related image storage structure known to those skilled in theart, including but not limited to RAM, processor cache, hard drive, orcombinations of those, including dynamic memory structures. Thedescribed methods can be embodied in a computer program that operates asa stand-alone computer application, or can be provided as a plug-inapplication augmenting the capabilities of an existing image-processingprogram. Further, the methods described herein can be embodied insupplemental tools for an existing program, in independent modules thatcan be integrated into any commercially available image-processingprogram, or integrated into any image-processing device that is capableof modifying and displaying an image, such as a color copier or a selfservice photo print kiosk. The methods can be implemented in dynamiclibrary files or similar modules that can be combined with othersoftware programs facilitating image modification. The methods can alsobe used in an image-processing program accessed over a network.

Any currently existing or future developed computer readable mediumsuitable for storing data can be used to store the programs embodyingthe afore-described interface, methods and algorithms, including, butnot limited to hard drives, floppy disks, digital tape, flash cards,compact discs, and DVDs. The computer readable medium can comprise morethan one device, such as two linked hard drives.

The drawings and the associated descriptions are provided to illustrateembodiments of the invention and not to limit the scope of theinvention. Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” is intended to indicate that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least an embodiment of the invention. The appearancesof the phrase “in one embodiment” or “an embodiment” in various placesin the specification are not necessarily all referring to the sameembodiment.

As used in this disclosure, except where the context requires otherwise,the term “comprise” and variations of the term, such as “comprising”,“comprises” and “comprised” are not intended to exclude other additives,components, integers or steps.

The term “storage medium” can represent one or more devices for storingdata, including read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM),magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flash memorydevices, electrical storage mediums or other mediums for storinginformation in a form readable by a machine such as, for example, acomputer. The term “data element” refers to any quantum of data packagedas a single item. The term “data unit” refers to a collection of dataelements or data units that comprise a logical section. The term “imageblock” refers to a complete copy or partial copy of a digital image thatis stored in a separate storage location and can be altered withoutaffecting the original stored digital image.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evidentthat various modifications and changes can be made thereto withoutdeparting from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Thespecification and drawing are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It should be appreciatedthat the present invention should not be construed as limited by suchembodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising:determining a matrix from a digital image, wherein the matrix is theresult of one or more structure adaptive functions applied to thedigital image, wherein at least one of the structure adaptive functionsis based in part on a color distance between a reference color and acolor of at least one pixel in the digital image; filtering the matrixwith an edge-preserving detail-reducing filter to generate a filteredmatrix, wherein the filtered matrix comprises one or more values, eachof the one or more values determining a magnitude of an enhancementfilter to apply at a corresponding pixel in the digital image; andmodifying the digital image using the enhancement filter, adjusted bythe one or more values of the filtered matrix, to produce an enhanceddigital image with suppressed amplification of noise level.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the reference color is a desired color. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the enhancement filter is selected fromthe group consisting of a color change filter and a contrast changefilter.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the enhancement filter isselected from the group consisting of both a color change and a contrastchange filter.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the edge-preservingdetail-reducing filter is selected from the group consisting of anarctan Gaussian filter, an arctan blurring filter, a wavelet-baseddetail-reduction filter, a bilateral filter, a Beltrami flow filter, anadaptive Gaussian blurring filter, and an edge-preserving smoothingfilter using geodesic distances.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein thematrix in the determining step further is the result of a function ofone or more color similarities to a reference color, the colorsimilarity being determined from a color distance from a correspondingpixel in the digital image to the reference color.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the matrix in the determining step further is theresult of a function of one or more geometric distances, and wherein thegeometric distance is determined from the location of a correspondingpixel in the digital image in relation to a reference pixel or areference region.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital imagehas a noise level.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the digital imagehas a noise level, and wherein the noise level of the digital image doesnot appear to have been amplified by the enhancement filter.
 10. Asystem comprising: one or more processors; and logic encoded in one ormore memory devices for execution by the one or more processors and whenexecuted operable to perform operations comprising: determining a matrixfrom a digital image, wherein the matrix is the result of one or morestructure adaptive functions applied to the digital image, and whereinthe matrix further is the result of a function of one or more colorsimilarities to a reference color, the one or more color similaritiesbeing determined from a color distance from a corresponding pixel in thedigital image to the reference color; filtering the matrix with anedge-preserving detail-reducing filter to generate a filtered matrix,wherein the filtered matrix comprises one or more values, each of theone or more values determining a magnitude of an enhancement filter toapply at a corresponding pixel in the digital image; and modifying thedigital image using the enhancement filter, adjusted by the one or morevalues of the filtered matrix, to produce an enhanced digital image withsuppressed amplification of noise level.
 11. The system of claim 10,wherein at least one of the structure adaptive functions is based inpart on a color distance between a reference color and a color of atleast one pixel in the digital image.
 12. The system of claim 10,wherein at least one of the structure adaptive functions is based inpart on a color distance between a reference color and a color of atleast one pixel in the digital image, wherein the reference color is adesired color.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the enhancementfilter is selected from the group consisting of a color change filterand a contrast change filter.
 14. The system of claim 10, wherein theenhancement filter is selected from the group consisting of both a colorchange and a contrast change filter.
 15. The system of claim 10, whereinthe edge-preserving detail-reducing filter is selected from the groupconsisting of an arctan Gaussian filter, an arctan blurring filter, awavelet-based detail-reduction filter, a bilateral filter, a Beltramiflow filter, an adaptive Gaussian blurring filter, and anedge-preserving smoothing filter using geodesic distances.
 16. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein the matrix in the determining step furtheris the result of a function of one or more geometric distances, andwherein the geometric distance is determined from the location of acorresponding pixel in the digital image in relation to a referencepixel or a reference region.
 17. The system of claim 10, wherein thedigital image has a noise level.
 18. A system comprising: a storagedevice; and one or more processors accessing the storage device andoperable to perform operations comprising: determining a matrix from adigital image, wherein the matrix is the result of one or more structureadaptive functions applied to the digital image, and wherein the matrixfurther is the result of a function of one or more geometric distances,wherein the one or more geometric distances are determined from thelocation of a corresponding pixel in the digital image in relation to areference pixel or a reference region; filtering the matrix with anedge-preserving detail-reducing filter to generate a filtered matrix,wherein the filtered matrix comprises one or more values, each of theone or more values determining a magnitude of an enhancement filter toapply at a corresponding pixel in the digital image; and modifying thedigital image using the enhancement filter, adjusted by the one or morevalues of the filtered matrix, to produce an enhanced digital image withsuppressed amplification of noise level.